Key and vulnerable populations
Precedents
2022 Resolution on Violence Against Women Migrant Workers
“Also calls upon Governments to recognize the right of women migrant workers and their accompanying children, regardless of their migratory status, to have access without discrimination to emergency health care, including in times of humanitarian crises, natural disasters, pandemics and other emergency situations, and in this regard to ensure that women migrant workers are not discriminated against on the grounds of pregnancy and childbirth and, in accordance with national legislation, to address the vulnerabilities to HIV experienced by migrant populations and support their access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.” (paragraph 22)
2021 Global AIDS Strategy 2021-2026
“Less than 10% of women, girls, people living with HIV and key populations experience gender inequality and violence;
(i) Less than 10% of women and girls experience physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner by 2025;
Less than 10% of key populations (i.e., gay men and other men who have sex with men, sex workers, transgender people and people who inject drugs) experience physical or sexual violence by 2025;
(ii) Less than 10% of people living with HIV experience physical or sexual violence by 2025;
(iii) Less than 10% of people support inequitable gender norms by 2025;
(iv) Greater than 90% of HIV services are gender-responsive by 2025.” (annex 1, 2025 targets)
2021 Political declaration on equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines
“We also commit to ensuring transparent and fair access to vaccines to those at a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms and the most vulnerable, on the basis of medical and ethical standards.” (paragraph 12)
2021 HRC resolution on human rights in the context of HIV and AIDS
“Calls upon States to address the inequities and vulnerabilities faced by children affected by or living with HIV, providing those children and their families with social protection, support and rehabilitation, including social and psychological rehabilitation and care, paediatric services and medicines, free from stigma and discrimination, and intensifying efforts to eliminate vertical transmission and to develop and provide early diagnosis tools, child-friendly medicine combinations and new treatments for children, particularly for infants living in resource-limited settings, and building, where needed, and supporting social security systems that protect them.” (paragraph 14)
2021 Political declaration on HIV and AIDS
“Note that each country should define the specific populations that are central to their epidemic and response, based on the local epidemiological context and note with concern that global epidemiological evidence demonstrates that key populations are more likely to be exposed to HIV or to transmit it, and that these include people living with HIV, men who have sex with men who are at 26 times higher risk of HIV acquisition, people who inject drugs who are at 29 times higher risk of HIV acquisition, female sex workers who are at 30 times higher risk of HIV acquisition, transgender people who are at 13 times higher risk of HIV acquisition, and people in prisons and other closed settings who have six times higher HIV prevalence than the general population, and further note with concern that these populations and their sexual partners account for 62 per cent of new HIV infections globally” (paragraph 25)
“Note that, depending on the epidemiological and social context of a particular country, other populations may be at elevated risk of HIV, including women and adolescent girls and their male partners, young people, children, persons with disabilities, ethnic and racial minorities, indigenous peoples, local communities, people living in poverty, migrants, refugees, internally displaced persons, men and women in uniform and people in humanitarian emergencies and conflict and post-conflict situations.” (paragraph 26)
“Tailoring HIV combination prevention approaches to meet the diverse needs of key populations, including among sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, transgender people, people in prisons and other closed settings and all people living with HIV.”” (paragraph 60(b))
2020 Resolution on violence against women migrant workers
“Urges Governments to support enhanced reception and reintegration assistance for those who return, with particular attention to the needs of victims of trafficking in persons and of migrants in vulnerable situations, inter alia, children, older women and women with disabilities.” (paragraph 28)
2019 Political declaration of the HLM on UHC
“Recognize the consequence of the adverse impact of climate change, natural disasters, extreme weather events as well as other environmental determinants of health, such as clean air, safe drinking water, sanitation, safe, sufficient and nutritious food and secure shelter, for health and in this regard underscore the need to foster health in climate change adaptation efforts, underlining that resilient and people-centred health systems are necessary to protect the health of all people, in particular those who are vulnerable or in vulnerable situations, particularly those living in small island developing States.” (paragraph 15)
“Implement the most effective, high-impact, quality-assured, people-centred, gender- and disability-responsive and evidence-based interventions to meet the health needs of all throughout the life course, and in particular those who are vulnerable or in vulnerable situations, ensuring universal access to nationally determined sets of integrated quality health services at all levels of care for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care in a timely manner.” (paragraph 25)
“Take measures to reduce maternal, neonatal, infant and child mortality and morbidity and increase access to quality health-care services for newborns, infants and children, as well as all women before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth.” (paragraph 29)
“Scale up efforts to promote healthy and active ageing, maintain and improve quality of life of older persons and to respond to the needs of the rapidly ageing population, especially the need for promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care as well as specialized care and the sustainable provision of long-term care, taking into account national contexts and priorities.” (paragraph 30)
“Ensure that no one is left behind, with an endeavour to reach the furthest behind first, founded on the dignity of the human person and reflecting the principles of equality and non-discrimination, as well as to empower those who are vulnerable or in vulnerable situations and address their physical and mental health needs which are reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including all children, youth, persons with disabilities, people living with HIV/AIDS, older persons, indigenous peoples, refugees and internally displaced persons and migrants.” (paragraph 70)
“Address the particular needs and vulnerabilities of migrants, refugees, internally displaced persons and indigenous peoples, which may include assistance, health care and psychological and other counselling services, in accordance with relevant international commitments, as applicable, and in line with national contexts and priorities;” (paragraph 71)
“Promote strong and resilient health systems, reaching those who are vulnerable or in vulnerable situations, and capable of effectively implementing the International Health Regulations (2005), ensuring pandemic preparedness and the prevention and detection of and response to any outbreak.” (paragraph 72)
“Recognize that universal health coverage implies that all people have access, without discrimination, to nationally determined sets of the needed promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative essential health services, and essential, safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines and vaccines, while ensuring that the use of these services does not expose the users to financial hardship, with a special emphasis on the poor, vulnerable and marginalized segments of the population.” (paragraph 9)
2019 UNESC Resolution on UNAIDS
“Calls for urgent action and partnership by Member States, the United Nations system, civil society, local communities, the private sector and other stakeholders to scale up evidence-based HIV prevention, testing, treatment, care and retention, including access to safe, effective, quality and affordable medicines, including generics, viral load testing in pursuit of achieving viral load suppression, and tuberculosis preventative treatment, to ensure that those services reach the people who need them the most, including key populations that epidemiological evidence shows to be globally at higher risk of HIV infection, adolescent girls and young women, and calls for reinvigorated efforts to protect human rights and promote gender equality and to address social risk factors, including gender-based violence, as well as social and economic determinants of health.” (paragraph 4)
2018 Political declaration of the third HLM on NCDs
“Acknowledge the impact of non-communicable diseases on older persons, which is of particular concern, given the growing proportion of older persons and recognizing that they have an increased risk of multiple non-communicable diseases, which constitutes a major challenge for health systems.” (paragraph 13)
“Implement, according to own-country-led prioritization, a set of cost-effective, affordable and evidence-based interventions and good practices, including those recommended by the World Health Organization, for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, that can be scaled up across populations to promote health, treat people with non-communicable diseases and protect those at risk of developing them, with a particular emphasis on the needs of those in vulnerable situations.” (paragraph 19)
“Take measures to better prepare the health systems to respond to the needs of the rapidly ageing population, including the need for preventive, curative, palliative and specialized care for older persons, taking into account the disproportionate burden of non-communicable diseases on older persons, and that population ageing is a contributing factor in the rising incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases.” (paragraph 29)
2018 Political declaration of the HLM on the fight against TB
“Commit to preventing tuberculosis for those most at risk of falling ill through the rapid scaling up of access to testing for tuberculosis infection, according to the domestic situation, and the provision of preventive treatment, with a focus on high-burden countries, so that at least 30 million people, including 4 million children under 5 years of age, 20 million other household contacts of people affected by tuberculosis, and 6 million people living with HIV, receive preventive treatment by 2022, and with the vision of reaching millions more, and further commit to the development of new vaccines and the provision of other tuberculosis prevention strategies, including infection prevention and control and tailored approaches, and to enacting measures to prevent tuberculosis transmission in workplaces, schools, transportation systems, incarceration systems and other congregate settings.” (paragraph 21)
“Commit to providing special attention to the poor, those who are vulnerable, including infants, young children and adolescents, as well as elderly people and communities especially at risk of and affected by tuberculosis, in accordance with the principle of social inclusion, especially through ensuring strong and meaningful engagement of civil society and affected communities in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the tuberculosis response, within and beyond the health sector; we further acknowledge the link between incarceration and tuberculosis and therefore reaffirm the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) as defined in General Assembly resolution 70/175 of 17 December 2015.” (paragraph 29)
2018 HRC Resolution on human rights in the context of HIV and AIDS
“Urges States to ensure full and unimpeded access for all persons living with, presumed to be living with, at risk of or affected by HIV, including key populations, to HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care and support, in a public health environment free from discrimination, harassment or persecution against those seeking HIV-related services, while respecting and protecting their right to privacy, confidentiality and free and informed consent.” (paragraph 4)
“Calls upon States to address as a priority the vulnerabilities faced by children affected by or living with HIV, providing those children and their families with social protection, support and rehabilitation, including social and psychological rehabilitation and care, paediatric services and medicines, free from stigma and discrimination, and intensifying efforts to eliminate vertical transmission and to develop and provide early diagnosis tools, child-friendly medicine combinations and new treatments for children, particularly for infants living in resource-limited settings, and building, where needed, and supporting social security systems that protect them.” (paragraph 5)
2018 CND On mother-to-child transmission among women who use drugs
“Further calls upon Member States to offer women who use drugs, especially those who have recently shared injecting equipment, and/or have been sexually assaulted, access to health clinics and, where possible, assisted referral, and access to post-exposure prophylaxis, in accordance with national legislation and taking into account the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime guidelines in the publication Addressing the Specific Needs of Women who Inject Drugs: Practical Guide for Service Providers on Gender-Responsive HIV Services.” (paragraph 8)
“Calls upon Member States to develop and implement strategies to help identify and respond to gender-based violence by providing direct support to women who use drugs or are exposed to risk factors associated with drug use and who experience sexual violence, including appropriate measures and protections as may be required to enable women who use drugs to report abuse.” (paragraph 9)
2016 Resolution on Women, the Girl Child and HIV and AIDS
“Calls upon governments, international partners and civil society to give full attention to the high levels of new HIV infections among young women and adolescent girls and its root causes, bearing in mind that women and girls are physiologically more vulnerable to HIV, especially at an earlier age, than men and boys, and that this is increased by discrimination and all forms of violence against women, girls and adolescents, including sexual exploitation and harmful practices.” (paragraph 1)
2016 Outcome Document of the Session on the World Drug Problem
“Also take effective and practical measures to prevent progression to severe drug use disorders through appropriately targeted early interventions for people at risk of such progression.” (paragraph 1(a))
“Promote and strengthen regional and international cooperation in developing and implementing treatment-related initiatives, enhance technical assistance and capacity-building and ensure non-discriminatory access to a broad range of interventions, including psychosocial, behavioural and medication-assisted treatment, as appropriate and in accordance with national legislation, as well as to rehabilitation, social reintegration and recovery-support programmes, including access to such services in prisons and after imprisonment, giving special attention to the specific needs of women, children and youth in this regard.” (paragraph 1(k))
“Encourage the development of viable economic alternatives, particularly for communities affected by or at risk of illicit cultivation of drug crops and other illicit drug-related activities in urban and rural areas, including through comprehensive alternative development programmes, and to this end consider development-oriented interventions, while ensuring that both men and women benefit equally from them, including through job opportunities, improved infrastructure and basic public services and, as appropriate, access and legal titles to land for farmers and local communities, which will also contribute to preventing, reducing or eliminating illicit cultivation and other drug-related activities.” (paragraph 7(j))
2016 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS
“Commit to eliminating barriers, including stigma and discrimination in health-care settings, to ensure universal access to comprehensive HIV diagnostics, prevention, treatment, care and support for people living with, at risk of and affected by HIV, persons deprived of their liberty, indigenous people, children, adolescents, young people, women, and other vulnerable populations.” (paragraph 62(j))
“Recognize the role that community organizations play, including those led and run by people living with HIV, in supporting and sustaining national and local HIV and AIDS responses, reaching all people living with HIV, delivering prevention, treatment, care and support services and strengthening health systems, in particular the primary health-care approach.” (paragraph 9)
2016 Resolution on the girl child
“Recognizes that a considerable number of girl children are particularly vulnerable, including orphans, children living on the street, internally displaced and refugee children, children affected by trafficking and sexual and economic exploitation, children living with or affected by HIV and AIDS, and children who are incarcerated or who live without parental support, and therefore urges States, with the support of the international community, where relevant, to take appropriate measures to address the needs of such children by implementing national, subregional and regional policies and strategies to build and strengthen governmental, community and family capacities to provide a supportive environment for such children, including by providing appropriate counselling and psychosocial support, and ensuring their safety, enrolment in school and access to shelter, good nutrition and health and social services on an equal basis with other children.” (paragraph 24)
“Urges all States and the international community to respect, promote and protect the rights of the girl child, taking into account the p articular vulnerabilities of the girl child in pre-conflict, conflict and post-conflict situations and in climate- related and other hazards and natural disasters, as well as in other humanitarian emergencies, all of which may result in the creation of child-headed households, and also urges States to take special measures for the protection of girls in all phases of humanitarian emergencies, from relief to recovery, and in particular to ensure that children have access to basic services, which include clean water, including safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, to protect them from sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection, gender-based violence, including rape, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, torture, abduction and trafficking, i ncluding forced labour, paying special attention to refugee and displaced girls, and to take into account their special needs in disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation assistance and reintegration processes.” (paragraph 25)
2015 UNESC Resolution on UNAIDS
“Recognizes that in order to ensure that no one is left behind, responses and resources need to be focused on evidence-based interventions and on populations and locations where they will have the greatest impact, in accordance with specific national and regional epidemiological patterns.” (paragraph 6)
2012 Resolution on women in development
“Expresses concern at the overall expansion of the HIV and AIDS epidemic and the fact that women and girls are still the most affected by HIV and AIDS, that they are more easily infected, that they bear a disproportionate share of the caregiving burden and that they are more vulnerable to violence, stigmatization and discrimination, poverty and marginalization from their families and communities as a result of HIV and AIDS, and taking into account that despite substantial progress, the 2010 deadline of universal access has not been met, calls upon Governments and the international community to urgently scale up responses towards achieving the goal of universal access to comprehensive HIV prevention programmes, treatment, care and support and, in line with the 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, to ensure that national responses to HIV and AIDS meet the specific needs of women and girls, including those living with and affected by HIV and AIDS across their lifespan.” (paragraph 32)
2011 Political Declaration of the HLM on NCDs
“Note with concern that the rapidly growing magnitude of non-communicable diseases affects people of all ages, gender, race and income levels, and further that poor populations and those living in vulnerable situations, in particular in developing countries bear a disproportionate burden and that non-communicable diseases can affect women and men differently.” (paragraph 14)
“Express deep concern that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden of care-giving and that, in some populations, women tend to be less physically active than men, are more likely to be obese and are taking up smoking at alarming rates.” (paragraph 15)
“Acknowledge also the existence of significant inequalities in the burden of non-communicable diseases and in access to non-communicable disease prevention and control, both between countries, and within countries and communities.” (paragraph 17)
“Pursue and promote gender-based approaches for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases founded on data disaggregated by sex and age in an effort to address the critical differences in the risks of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases for women and men.” (paragraph 45(e))
2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS
“Welcome the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and recognize the need to take into account the rights of persons with disabilities as set forth in that Convention, in particular with regard to health, education, accessibility and information, in the formulation of our global response to HIV and AIDS.” (paragraph 23)
“Note with concern that prevention, treatment, care and support programmes have not been adequately targeted or made accessible to persons with disabilities.” (paragraph 31)
“Commit to address, according to national legislation, the vulnerabilities to HIV experienced by migrant and mobile populations and support their access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support.” (paragraph 84)
2010 HRC On the rights of the child: the fight against sexual violence
“Calls upon States to pay special attention to the protection from sexual violence and abuse of marginalized and vulnerable children, such as children belonging to minorities, children with disabilities, migrant children, indigenous children, children working and/or living on the street, refugee, asylum-seeking and internally displaced children, in particular those who are unaccompanied, and children held in detention, and to take all necessary actions, including the use of detention as a measure of last resort, and to ensure that those who are victims of sexual violence receive special protection and assistance in accordance with international law.” (paragraph 4)
2007 WHA Resolution on tuberculosis control: progress and long-term planning
“Requests the director-general to strengthen mechanisms to review and monitor estimates of impact of control activities on the tuberculosis burden, including incidence, prevalence and mortality with specific attention to vulnerable groups highly at risk, such as poor people, migrants and ethnic minorities.” (paragraph 2(3))
2005 Resolution on the World Summit outcome
“We recognize the need to pay special attention to the human rights of women and children and undertake to advance them in every possible way, including by bringing gender and child-protection perspectives into the human rights agenda.” (paragraph 128)
“We will put into place policies to ensure adequate investment in a sustainable manner in health, clean water and sanitation, housing and education and in the provision of public goods and social safety nets to protect vulnerable and disadvantaged sectors of society.” (paragraph 25(b))
2001 Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS
“By 2003, develop and/or strengthen national strategies, policies and programmes, supported by regional and international initiatives, as appropriate, through a participatory approach, to promote and protect the health of those identifiable groups which currently have high or increasing rates of HIV infection or which public health information indicates are at greatest risk of and most vulnerable to new infection as indicated by such factors as the local history of the epidemic, poverty, sexual practices, drug-using behaviour, livelihood, institutional location, disrupted social structures and population movements, forced or otherwise.” (paragraph 64)
“By 2003, develop and by 2005 implement national policies and strategies to build and strengthen governmental, family and community capacities to provide a supportive environment for orphans and girls and boys infected and affected by HIV/AIDS, including by providing appropriate counselling and psychosocial support, ensuring their enrolment in school and access to shelter, good nutrition and health and social services on an equal basis with other children; and protect orphans and vulnerable children from all forms of abuse, violence, exploitation, discrimination, trafficking and loss of inheritance.” (paragraph 65)
Expert precedents
2019 OHCHR Annual report on human rights and HIV
“States should remove structural barriers, including discriminatory laws and policies, and apply human rights-based approaches to the response to HIV, putting people living with HIV at the centre of their policies, programmes and practices. In order not to leave anyone behind, States should increase their efforts to reach the most marginalized women and adolescents, key populations vulnerable to HIV, including gay men and other men who have sex with men, sex workers, people who use drugs, transgender people, and persons in prisons and other closed settings. Communities should be involved in the design, implementation and delivery of policies, programmes and practices.” (paragraph 47(a))
Evidence
2022 WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Person-centred HIV Strategic Information
“While the overall incidence of new infections has been declining since the peak in 1997, the proportion of these new infections that occur among people from key populations (men who have sex with men, sex workers, people who inject drugs, trans and gender diverse people, and people in prisons and other closed settings) continues to increase. In 2021 people from key populations and their sexual partners accounted for 70% of new infections globally and 94% of new infections outside of sub-Saharan Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa as well, key populations and their sexual partners make up an increasing proportion of new infections, from 25% in 2016 to 51% in 2021.” (p. 21)
2021 WHO Updated Recommendations on HIV Prevention, EID and ART
“Adolescent girls and young women are still disproportionately affected by HIV and subject to many forms of discrimination across the globe. In 2017, 79% of the adolescents 10 to 19 years old newly infected with HIV in eastern and southern Africa were female.” (p. 1)
“Substantial risk of HIV infection is provisionally defined as HIV incidence greater than 3 per 100 person-years in the absence of PrEP. HIV incidence greater than 3 per 100 person-years has been identified among men who have sex with men, transgender women and heterosexual men and women who have sexual partners with undiagnosed or untreated HIV infection. Individual risk varies within groups at substantial risk depending on individual behaviour and the characteristics of sexual partners.” (p. 7)
2020 Evidence Review of the UNAIDS Strategy 2016-2021
“The epidemic’s disproportionate burden among key populations (including gay men and other men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers, transgender people and prisoners) continues to grow. In 2019, these populations and their sex partners accounted for an estimated 62% of new HIV infections globally. Compared to the general population, the risk of acquiring HIV is on average about 26 times higher for gay men and other men who have sex with men, 29 times higher for people who inject drugs, 30 times higher for sex workers and 13 times higher for transgender people than for adults in the general public. Globally, HIV incidence among people who inject drugs, sex workers and transgender people since 2010 has remained high but relatively stable since 2010. New infections are on the rise among gay men and other men who have sex with men, who comprised 23% of new infections globally in 2019, including more than 40% of new infections in Asia and the Pacific and Latin America, and nearly two thirds (64%) of new infections in western and central Europe and North America. Marked increases in new infections among gay men and other men who have sex with men were reported in Brazil, Mexico, Pakistan and Philippines.” (p. 50)
“Prevention coverage is notably limited for key populations. In six of 13 countries that have conducted surveys since 2016 and reported those data to UNAIDS, less than half of transgender women stated that they were able to access at least two HIV prevention services in the previous three months, as did similar proportions of female sex workers (in 16 of 30 countries), gay men and other men who have sex with men (in 26 of 38 countries) and men who inject drugs (in 10 of 14 countries).” (p. 56)
“Women who belong to key populations are at particular risk of experiencing violence. Women who use drugs are up to five times more likely to experience violence than non-drug-using women. It is estimated that 45–75% of female sex workers are assaulted or abused at least once in their lifetime, although mechanisms for reporting abuse or accessing survivor services are often blocked due to the criminalization of sex work. Women belonging to ethnic and other minorities, transgender women and women with disabilities face higher risks of violence.” (p. 69)
“The evidence base for removing punitive laws and policies has expanded. Numerous studies and meta-analyses on the impact of punitive laws on HIV responses (summarized in the status report above) provide evidence that bolsters the efforts of advocates and public health experts to remove such counterproductive laws. The publication of a consensus statement on the science of HIV in the context of criminal law has strengthened litigants’ and advocates’ arguments that HIV criminalization laws are not grounded in science. The 2018 release of a supplement to the previous report of the Global Commission on HIV and the Law underscored the consensus of public health experts that punitive laws undermine HIV responses, cause needless suffering and should be removed.” (p. 76)
“Punitive laws undermine HIV responses and increase the vulnerability of marginalized populations. Gay men and other men who have sex with men who live in countries that criminalize same-sex relations are 2.2 times more likely to acquire HIV than their counterparts in countries without such legal restrictions. Severe criminal penalties for same-sex relations are associated with a 4.7 times higher risk of HIV infection, compared with settings lacking such penalties. According to an analysis of 75 countries, the existence of anti-LGBT laws is also associated with substantially lower uptake of HIV testing services. Evidence-based modelling indicates that decriminalization of all aspects of sex work could avert 33–46% of new HIV infections among sex workers and their clients over 10 years. Another meta-analysis found that repressive policing of sex work increased the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections by 87% and increased the risk of sexual or physical violence nearly three-fold. A 2020 study examining 10 countries in sub-Saharan Africa linked increasingly repressive laws regarding sex work with increased prevalence of HIV infection. According to a 2017 systematic review, more than 80% of pertinent studies have correlated criminalization of drug use with an increased risk of HIV, while a separate analysis found that repressive policing of drug use is associated with HIV infection, needle sharing and avoidance of harm reduction programmes. In some countries in eastern Europe and central Asia, laws require individuals seeking harm reduction services to register with authorities, a step that in turn makes the individual ineligible for a driver’s license. Although study evidence of the HIV-related impact of punitive laws on transgender people is scarce, the harm associated with repressive policing of transgender people is well-documented. Approximately 40% of transgender correctional inmates have experienced sexual violence in the previous 12 months, compared to 4% of the general prison population.” (pp. 72–73)
2016 Prevention Gap Report
“Among gay men and other men who have sex with men, in 7 of 10 countries with available data, treatment coverage was considerably lower than coverage among all men living with HIV. Treatment coverage levels among people who inject drugs were more similar to coverage among men generally, but differences were still observed in 4 of 8 countries. Female sex workers were also less likely to access treatment than the general adult female population, with just 3 of 12 countries having similar levels of coverage. In Cambodia, transgender people had higher treatment coverage than female sex workers but lower than the general adult female population.” (p. 57)
“Recent studies suggest that people who inject drugs are 24 times more likely to acquire HIV than adults in the general population, sex workers are 10 times more likely to acquire HIV and gay men and other men who have sex with men are 24 times more likely to acquire HIV. In addition, transgender people are 49 times more likely to be living with HIV and prisoners are five times more likely to be living with HIV than adults in the general population.” (p. 7)